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Water Analysis
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, and drinking water.
Guidelines
A. Contaminants in feed water supplied to a dedicated steam generator
Parameter |
|---|
Residue on evaporation |
Silicate (SiO2) |
Iron |
Cadmium |
Lead |
Rest of heavy metals except iron, cadmium, lead |
Chloride (Cl-) |
Phosphate (P2O5) |
Conductivity (at 25 °C) |
pH value (degree of acidity) |
Appearance |
Hardness (Σ Ions of alkaline earth) |
B. Contaminants in condensate from steam supply to the sterilizer measured at the sterilizer inlet.
Parameter |
|---|
Silicate (SiO2) ≤ 0,1 mg/l |
Iron ≤ 0,1 mg/l |
Cadmium ≤ 0,005 mg/l |
Lead ≤ 0,05 mg/l |
Rest of heavy metals except iron, cadmium, lead ≤ 0,1 mg/l |
Chloride (Cl') ≤ 0,1 mg/l |
Phosphate (P2O5) ≤ 0,1 mg/l |
Conductivity (at 25 °C) |
pH value (degree of acidity) 5 to 7 |
Appearance |
Hardness (Σ Ions of alkaline earth) |
C. Recommended Raw Water Quality by KKM for surface, ground or direct impounding water
Parameter |
|---|
Zinc |
Sulphate |
Mineral Oil |
Phenol |
Aldrin/Dieldrin |
DDT |
Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide |
Methoxychlor |
Hexachlorobenzene |
Lindane |
Chlordane |
2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) |
Gross a |
Gross b |
Total Coliform |
Turbidity |
Colour |
pH |
null |
Total Dissolve Oxygen |
Biological Oxygen Demand |
Chemical Oxygen Demand |
Chloride |
Anionic Detergent (MBAS) |
Ammonia (as N) |
Nitrate (as N) |
Iron (as Fe) |
Fluoride |
Hardness |
Manganese |
Mercury |
Cadmium |
Selenium |
Arsenic |
Cyanide |
Lead |
Chromium |
Silver |
Copper |
Magnesium |
Sodium |
D. Drinking Water Quality Standard by KKM for surface, ground or direct impounding water
Parameter | Type | Group |
|---|---|---|
Protozoa | Microbiology | Group 1 |
Faecal Streptococci | Microbiology | Group 1 |
E-coli or thermotolerent | Microbiology | Group 1 |
Coliform Bacteria | Microbiology | Group 1 |
Total Coliform (MPN Method/Membrane filtration method) | Microbiology | Group 1 |
Helminths | Microbiology | Group 1 |
Viruses | Microbiology | Group 1 |
Clostridium Perfringens | Microbiology | Group 1 |
Combined Residual Chlorine | Physical | Group 1 |
Colour | Physical | Group 1 |
pH | Physical | Group 1 |
Monochloramine | Physical | Group 1 |
Free Residual Chlorine | Physical | Group 1 |
Turbidity | Physical | Group 1 |
Chloride | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Fluoride | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Total Dissolved Solid | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Aluminium | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Hardness | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Nitrate (as N) | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Iron (as Fe) | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Manganese | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Ammonia (as N) | Inorganic | Group 2 |
Cadmium | N/A | Group 3 |
2,4-Dichlorophenol | N/A | Group 3 |
Selenium | N/A | Group 3 |
Dichloroacetic acid | N/A | Group 3 |
Hydrogen Sulphide | N/A | Group 3 |
Trichloroacetonitrile | N/A | Group 3 |
Zinc | N/A | Group 3 |
Chloral Hydrate | N/A | Group 3 |
Chloroform | N/A | Group 3 |
Sulphate | N/A | Group 3 |
Sodium | N/A | Group 3 |
Copper | N/A | Group 3 |
Trichloroacetic acid | N/A | Group 3 |
Dibromoacetonitrile | N/A | Group 3 |
Mercury | N/A | Group 3 |
Mineral Oil | N/A | Group 3 |
Chromium | N/A | Group 3 |
Silver | N/A | Group 3 |
Arsenic | N/A | Group 3 |
Formaldehyde | N/A | Group 3 |
Bromate | N/A | Group 3 |
Dichloroacetonitrile | N/A | Group 3 |
Nickel | N/A | Group 3 |
Lead | N/A | Group 3 |
Bromodichloromethane | N/A | Group 3 |
Cyanogen Chloride (as CN) | N/A | Group 3 |
Barium | N/A | Group 3 |
Magnesium | N/A | Group 3 |
Dibromochloromethane | N/A | Group 3 |
Cyanide | N/A | Group 3 |
Bromoform | N/A | Group 3 |
Antimony | N/A | Group 3 |
Phenol | N/A | Group 3 |
Boron | N/A | Group 3 |
Uranium | N/A | Group 3 |
Chlorite | N/A | Group 3 |
2.4.6-Trichlorophenol | N/A | Group 3 |
2-Chlorophenol | N/A | Group 3 |
Molybdenum | N/A | Group 3 |
Monochlorobenzene | Organic | Group 4 |
1,1-Dichloroethene | Organic | Group 4 |
1,4-Dichlorobenzene | Organic | Group 4 |
Hexachlorobutadiene | Organic | Group 4 |
Benzo(A) pyrene | Organic | Group 4 |
1,2-Dichloroethane | Organic | Group 4 |
Tetrachloroethene | Organic | Group 4 |
1,2-Dichlorobenzene | Organic | Group 4 |
Styrene | Organic | Group 4 |
1,2-Dichloroethene | Organic | Group 4 |
Benzene | Organic | Group 4 |
Trichloroethene | Organic | Group 4 |
Ethylbenzene | Organic | Group 4 |
Toluene | Organic | Group 4 |
Dichloromethane | Organic | Group 4 |
Acrylamide | Organic | Group 4 |
Microcyctin-LR | Organic | Group 4 |
Vinyl Chloride | Organic | Group 4 |
Carbon Tetrachloride | Organic | Group 4 |
Trichlorobenzene (total) | Organic | Group 4 |
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | Organic | Group 4 |
Nitrotriacetic acid (NTA) | Organic | Group 4 |
Epichlorohydrin | Organic | Group 4 |
1,1,1-trichloroethane | Organic | Group 4 |
Edetic acid (EDTA) | Organic | Group 4 |
Xylene | Organic | Group 4 |
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate | Organic | Group 4 |
Tributylin Oxide | Organic | Group 4 |
Bentazone | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
1,2-Dichloropropane | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Permethrin | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Fenoprop | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
1,3-Dichloropropane | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Hexachlorobenzene | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Lindane | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Ametryn | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Cyanazine | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Chlorotoluron | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Terbuthylazine | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Simazine | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Isoproturon | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Trifuralin | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Pendimethalin | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Pentachlorophenol | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Pyridate | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Carbofuran | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Aldrin/Dieldrin | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
2,4,5-T | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Mecoprop | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
1,2-Dibromoethane | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Aldicarb | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Diquat | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
MCPA | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Propanil | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Molinate | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Metochlor | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Dichlorprop | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
DDT | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
2,4-DB | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Atrazine | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Hexachlorobenzena | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Methoxychlor | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Alachlor | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Chlordane | Pesticide/Herbicide | Group 4 |
Gross a | Radioactivity | Group 5 |
Gross b | Radioactivity | Group 5 |
E) Parameter Limits for Sewage and Industrial Effluents - Standard A for Discharge up-stream of water supply sources
Parameter |
|---|
Cadmium |
Suspended Solids |
pH |
Selenium |
Silver |
Chromiun Trivalent |
Oil and Grease |
Zinc |
Nickel |
Colour |
Chromium Hexavalent |
Copper |
Phenol |
Arsenic |
Fluoride |
Barium |
Formaldehyde |
Free Chlorine |
Sulphide |
Temperature |
COD |
Tin |
Cyanide |
Boron |
BOD5 at 20 oC |
Lead |
Aluminium |
Iron (Fe) |
Ammonia (as N) |
Mercury |
Manganese |
F) Parameter Limits for Sewage and Industrial Effluents - Standard B for Discharge downstream of water supply sources.
Parameter |
|---|
Tin |
Boron |
Barium |
Lead |
Arsenic |
Fluoride |
Phenol |
Colour |
BOD5 at 20 oC |
Suspended Solids |
Mercury |
Aluminium |
COD |
Iron (Fe) |
Cyanide |
Temperature |
Zinc |
Selenium |
Silver |
Manganese |
Ammonia (as N) |
Oil and Grease |
Chromiun Trivalent |
Chromium Hexavalent |
Nickel |
Cadmium |
Formaldehyde |
Sulphide |
Free Chlorine |
Copper |
pH |
D. Drinking Water Quality Standard by KKM for surface, ground or direct impounding water
Parameter | Type |
|---|---|
Chloride (as Cl) | Inorganic |
Nitrite (calculated as NO2-) | Inorganic |
Nitrate (Calculated as NO3-) | Inorganic |
Hardness (as CaCO3) | Inorganic |
Fluoride (as F) | Inorganic |
Ammonia (as N) | Inorganic |
Sulphate | Inorganic |
Residual Chlorine (Free) | Inorganic |
Cyanide (as CN) | Inorganic |
Nitrate (as N) | Inorganic |
Anionic Detergent (MBAS) | Inorganic |
Iron (as Fe) | Metal |
Nickel | Metal |
Magnesium | Metal |
Sodium (as Na) | Metal |
Zinc (as Zn) | Metal |
Aluminium (as Al) | Metal |
Barium | Metal |
Arsenic (as As) | Metal |
Chromium (as Cr) | Metal |
Copper (as Cu) | Metal |
Manganese (as Mn) | Metal |
Silver (as Ag) | Metal |
Antimony | Metal |
Mercury (as Hg) | Metal |
Lead (as Pb) | Metal |
Selenium (as Se) | Metal |
Cadmium (as Cd) | Metal |
Boron | Metal |
E-coli or thermotolerent (MPN Method) | Microbiology |
Total Coliform (Membrane filtration method) | Microbiology |
Sulphite reducing anaerob (Membrane filter) | Microbiology |
Faecal Streptococci (membrane filter) | Microbiology |
Total Coliform (MPN Method) | Microbiology |
Pseudomonas aeroginosa (Membrane filter) | Microbiology |
Clostridium Perfringens (Membrane filter) | Microbiology |
Biocide (Total) | Organic |
Bromoform | Organic |
Bromodichloromethane | Organic |
Styrene | Organic |
Mineral Oil | Organic |
Phenol | Organic |
Chloroform | Organic |
Carbon chlorofiorm extract | Organic |
Pesticides/herbicides | Organic |
Dibromochloromethane | Organic |
Aldrin/Dieldrin | Pesticide |
Lindane | Pesticide |
Hexachlorobenzene | Pesticide |
Endosulfan | Pesticide |
Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide | Pesticide |
Methoxychlor | Pesticide |
Chlordane | Pesticide |
DDT | Pesticide |
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | Pesticide |
Turbidity (Nephelometric turbidity Unit | Physical |
pH | Physical |
Colour (True Colour Unit) | Physical |
Gross a | Radioactivity |
Gross b | Radioactivity |
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